Sambucus canadensis (nigra) – Sweet Elderberry

General Information: This native shrub bears numerous large clusters of white flowers in early summer, followed by edible berries. They are highly attractive to birds and insects throughout the season as a food source, nectar source, and shelter. The straight, bumpy, light-weight branches have a hollow or pith-filled chamber in the center. The branches are useful for crafting whistles or spiles for Maple Sugar collection. As a medicine, this plant has been widely used among the Indigenous Peoples of North America and is also commonly employed in modern herbalism and folk healing. This species has recently been reclassified as Sambucus nigra, however the former species epithet canadensis is still considered a synonym.

Edible Qualities: Elderberries are appreciated on our farm as a fresh fruit eaten straight from the plant. Caution should be exercised when eating fresh berries, however, as the seeds, stems, leaves, and roots contain toxic compounds. We recommend utilizing Elderberries in recipes and minimizing the amount of raw berries consumed, as cooking destroys any toxins present in the tiny seeds. Elderberries are increasingly popular for use in making pies, preserves, syrups, and wine. The berries are also an important food source for many species of birds. For maximum fruit production, it is advised to net the plants once the flowers begin to fall. The flower heads may also be battered, fried, and eaten as fritters.

Cultivation Details: These plants are generally considered self-fertile, however for optimal fruit production, at least two different selections should be planted. Under favorable growing conditions, Elderberry bushes will slowly spread to form colonies. A percentage of the branches will die off each year. To test whether a branch has died, bend it slowly. Living branches will be somewhat pliable and will bend before snapping, while dead ones will be quite brittle and often snap almost immediately. Prune the dead branches from late fall to late winter to encourage the plant to fill out. Because they can sometimes be unruly in appearance, Elderberry bushes are best suited to informal landscapes. Consider planting Elderberry near a compost heap – compounds from the roots feed soil microbes and encourage compost finishing.

Growing Requirements: Plant in full to part sun. Prefers moist, well-drained soils. Tolerates wetness from a high water table or areas that experience periodic flooding. Tolerant of most soil types.